0 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:15,000 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:05,000 This programme contains scenes which some viewers may find upsetting 2 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:14,320 SINGING IN OWN LANGUAGE 3 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:43,480 SHEEP BLEAT 4 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:20,840 THEY CHATTER TO EACH OTHER 5 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:24,280 BABY CRIES 6 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:49,800 EXPLOSION 7 00:03:06,640 --> 00:03:08,280 LOUD GUNSHOTS 8 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:18,960 GUNSHOTS BECOME MORE FREQUENT 9 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:31,080 CONTINUOUS GUNSHOTS 10 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:46,320 VOLCANO RUMBLES 11 00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:11,920 SHOUTING AND SCREAMS 12 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:46,600 TRANSLATION: The name Kasongo is not my name. 13 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:49,360 Kasongo is an alias. 14 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:56,800 What I can tell you is that I am a high-ranking officer, 15 00:05:56,800 --> 00:05:58,000 in the Congolese army. 16 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:12,920 TRANSLATION: As long as the Congolese leaders... 17 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:16,600 ..do not have a patriotic sense... 18 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:23,720 ..Congo will stagnate in misery forever. 19 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:33,880 NEWS REPORT: It's election time in one of Africa's most chaotic 20 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,520 countries and no-one in Congo is expecting a smooth ride. 21 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:42,360 GUNSHOTS 22 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:47,760 POLICE SIRENS 23 00:06:50,600 --> 00:06:52,960 Our country has almost no system of governance. 24 00:06:55,840 --> 00:06:58,640 Our national army is disorganised and poorly paid. 25 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:05,280 Because of this, sergeants will sometimes leave the army 26 00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:06,640 to join rebel groups. 27 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:13,080 The government eventually negotiates with these rebels 28 00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:16,320 and then fits them back into the army, 29 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:19,040 often with a higher ranking position than they had before. 30 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:29,000 The rebels who started this current war call themselves the M23. 31 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,880 Makenga is the acting leader, 32 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:51,240 but he used to be a colonel in our national army. 33 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,120 I have joined rebel groups three times and our hope was always 34 00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:29,160 that it would bring stabilisation to Congo on all levels, 35 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:34,040 on a social level, on an economic level, but no. 36 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:35,400 The fighting continues. 37 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:01,000 HE SCREAMS 38 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:24,360 EXCITED CHATTER 39 00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:50,760 THEY SING IN OWN LANGUAGE 40 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:10,720 NEWSREEL: The Congo, in the heart of Equatorial Africa, 41 00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:12,560 is three times larger than Texas. 42 00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:14,160 The Congo is a giant country. 43 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:21,440 It has several mountains, waterways and a lot of minerals, 44 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:23,200 especially here in the East. 45 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,280 I think America remembers the souvenir that Congo gave them. 46 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,480 It was with our uranium that they bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima, 47 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:04,120 which made them the superpower. 48 00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:08,040 When it comes to our mineral wealth, 49 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:10,520 Congo is a bit of a geological scandal. 50 00:16:12,080 --> 00:16:14,640 Understand that the population does not benefit at all 51 00:16:14,640 --> 00:16:16,160 from the product of our wealth. 52 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:21,240 Where does the money go? 53 00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:25,840 It gets diverted into the pockets of corrupt leaders, big men, 54 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:29,880 big organisations and even foreign powers that profit, 55 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:31,760 while the Congo doesn't. 56 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:36,280 The victims are the Congolese themselves. 57 00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:53,040 SINGING IN OWN LANGUAGE 58 00:16:57,880 --> 00:16:59,840 DRUMMING 59 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:48,920 MUSIC: Kampeni, by Bahati Bukuku. 60 00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,120 Goma is the centre of the North and South Kivu provinces. 61 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:10,800 It is a strategic town in the region. 62 00:21:12,120 --> 00:21:14,000 Goma is the economic heartland. 63 00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:16,360 There are more than a million people here. 64 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:19,760 This is where all the natural resources are brought in, 65 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:21,720 this is where they are exported from. 66 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:25,480 Goma sits on Lake Kivu and is on the border of Rwanda. 67 00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:28,520 It is also close to the border of Uganda. 68 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:32,920 The rebels have now steadily been making their way 69 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:35,200 from their base near the border with Uganda 70 00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:37,560 towards Goma, the main city here. 71 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:42,520 There are more than 450 tribes here in Congo and all of them are 72 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:43,560 represented here. 73 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:47,440 This is a hugely mineral-rich part of the country. 74 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:50,000 It is also very, very far from Kinshasa, the capital, 75 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,880 so government doesn't really reach here properly. 76 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:55,080 The main power is the power of the gun, 77 00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:56,880 and whoever controls that 78 00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:00,280 controls also potentially very lucrative deals. 79 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:03,960 This instability has brought others, as well. 80 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:20,960 Just outside Goma is a dense forest. 81 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:28,240 This forest makes a good hideout for anyone 82 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:31,280 who wants to start a rebellion. 83 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,760 Here, you can conquer a plot of land, 84 00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:40,280 collect villagers from the area under your control 85 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:43,440 and have them exploit minerals and sell them for you. 86 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:51,280 Then you can buy guns, weapons and you can buy food. 87 00:22:55,280 --> 00:23:01,000 Other than the M23 rebels, there are more than 50 armed groups out there. 88 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:08,960 If today, I decide to go into the forest and start a rebellion, 89 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:12,160 I will have people to follow me. 90 00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:51,760 All these rebel groups are confusing to even the Congolese. 91 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:58,960 They all have different acronyms that claim to stand for freedom, 92 00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:01,280 liberation or democracy, 93 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:04,800 but they only succeed in terrorising the population. 94 00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:30,520 Everything that is happening in this war has been done before. 95 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:39,720 The M23 are threatening to take Goma unless the government gives them key 96 00:32:39,720 --> 00:32:41,240 positions in this region. 97 00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:03,080 It is no coincidence that these rebellions occur near our borders. 98 00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:11,240 A Human Rights Watch report draws a link between Rwanda and M23. 99 00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:14,440 Two neighbouring countries, Rwanda and Uganda, 100 00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:16,960 have been accused of backing M23. 101 00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:20,120 Rwanda firmly denies any involvement. 102 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,200 There is no evidence, there are no facts. 103 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:23,440 Because it is not happening. 104 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:39,080 EXPLOSIONS, GUNFIRE AND SHOUTING 105 00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:44,000 Just about five minutes ago, 106 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:48,320 M23 rebels walked through the streets of Goma 107 00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:50,240 without anyone stopping them. 108 00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:53,160 They have definitely had outside help. 109 00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:58,040 Government troops retreated and UN peacekeepers stood by, watching. 110 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:17,840 The Congolese national army has seen a catastrophic collapse in morale 111 00:35:17,840 --> 00:35:20,360 over the last few days in particular. 112 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:22,640 The head of the land forces was fired 113 00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:25,520 for allegedly covertly backing the rebels. 114 00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:43,400 A series of talks have been taking place 115 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,440 over the past week in an attempt to resolve the crisis. 116 00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:49,480 Their trucks packed with ammunition and soldiers, 117 00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:54,600 M23 rebels left the city they had conquered 12 days ago. 118 00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:56,400 In return, the government must agree 119 00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,360 to listen to and address the rebels' grievances. 120 00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:02,240 Everything will be OK if they agree to the demands. 121 00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:08,120 If President Kabila or anybody else provokes us, we will be back. 122 00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:26,240 People have lost trust in their government, 123 00:36:26,240 --> 00:36:29,360 and the United Nations' ability to protect them. 124 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:43,800 In regards to the international community... 125 00:36:46,040 --> 00:36:49,880 ..a stranger would never find you a solution in your own country. 126 00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:51,960 But, since our independence, 127 00:36:51,960 --> 00:36:54,760 we have never been given a chance to govern ourselves 128 00:36:54,760 --> 00:36:58,480 without interference from the outside. 129 00:36:58,480 --> 00:37:03,680 June 30, 1960, independence comes to the Belgian Congo. 130 00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:05,440 King Baudouin himself flies 131 00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:08,840 to the capital city of Leopoldville to break the bonds 132 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:13,080 that have linked his country and its African colony for 75 years. 133 00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:30,440 Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of Congo, was a nationalist. 134 00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:36,160 But the Americans thought he had Communist tendencies. 135 00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:39,440 The Russians had backed Lumumba, given military and other aid, 136 00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:42,240 as East vied with West to gain influence in the Congo. 137 00:37:44,360 --> 00:37:48,640 For the Americans, during the Cold War, 138 00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:51,440 they had to find a man to get rid of Lumumba. 139 00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:55,520 And that is how they thought of Mobutu. 140 00:37:57,440 --> 00:38:00,840 In the Army, he was known as the most brilliant. 141 00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:05,200 Colonel Mobutu forced the Russians to close their embassy, 142 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:06,240 leave the Congo. 143 00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:11,120 Mobutu was used by the CIA. 144 00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:14,600 He saw the capitalists to the detriment of communism. 145 00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:18,000 A new chapter begins in the dark and tragic history of the Congo with 146 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,880 the return to Leopoldville of the deposed premier Lumumba, 147 00:38:20,880 --> 00:38:22,840 following his capture by crack commandos 148 00:38:22,840 --> 00:38:24,280 of strongman Colonel Mobutu. 149 00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,320 Here you see him on his third arrest. 150 00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,400 One from which he went to a mysterious death. 151 00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:36,320 With the support of the Americans, 152 00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:39,960 Mobutu imposed a dictatorship for 32 years. 153 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:48,880 I grew up during that time. 154 00:38:50,280 --> 00:38:52,680 When he came into power, 155 00:38:52,680 --> 00:38:55,520 in the beginning, I must say he was good. 156 00:38:57,880 --> 00:39:00,880 The economy of the country was strong, very strong. 157 00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:08,960 The Congo produced many university graduates, 158 00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:11,720 and the world respected many of these Congolese. 159 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:16,520 At least in those years, Congo was still moving forward a bit. 160 00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:20,760 Then, all of a sudden, he re-baptised the Congo 161 00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:22,720 with the name of Zaire. 162 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:35,720 Almost everything changed. 163 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:44,720 While he remained a vital ally to the West, 164 00:39:44,720 --> 00:39:47,440 he expelled all the foreign investors that were here. 165 00:39:51,360 --> 00:39:55,680 When they left, all the factories, 166 00:39:55,680 --> 00:40:00,080 all the big plantations were acquired by Mobutu's colleagues, 167 00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:02,200 but they did not know how to run them. 168 00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:05,560 There were no executives. 169 00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:09,000 Businessmen were replaced by inadequate people. 170 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:10,440 Money was embezzled and 171 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:15,480 where there's corruption, development can't exist. 172 00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:30,520 Mobutu looted his country's diamond and copper mines. 173 00:40:30,520 --> 00:40:32,720 He pocketed international aid. 174 00:40:32,720 --> 00:40:35,480 Even offices were housed in this slum. 175 00:40:35,480 --> 00:40:38,120 Just a few kilometres away from President Mobutu's 176 00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:39,640 opulent lakeside villa. 177 00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:57,480 That same system of corruption has become a Congolese tradition. 178 00:40:57,480 --> 00:40:58,920 And it is even worse today. 179 00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:02,360 We are living the consequence. 180 00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:18,480 More obstacles to peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 181 00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:20,920 Government police are hearing complaints 182 00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:22,480 of pillage or worse by M23. 183 00:47:22,480 --> 00:47:24,200 When M23 was formed, 184 00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:26,480 its core demand was to be reintegrated 185 00:47:26,480 --> 00:47:28,040 into the Congolese Army, 186 00:47:28,040 --> 00:47:30,200 with better pay and ranks. 187 00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:32,760 Now, it is talking about setting up its own government, 188 00:47:32,760 --> 00:47:34,640 with its own collection of taxes. 189 00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:05,920 The UN mission could do little to stop M23 rebels 190 00:48:05,920 --> 00:48:09,160 when they swept into the city of Goma. 191 00:48:09,160 --> 00:48:10,840 The UN's response? 192 00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:14,920 A new batch of troops with a wider offensive mandate. 193 00:48:14,920 --> 00:48:15,960 It could take months for 194 00:48:15,960 --> 00:48:17,840 an intervention force to be in place here. 195 00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:24,520 During that time, M23 could make another attempt to take Goma. 196 00:49:33,960 --> 00:49:36,960 EXPLOSION 197 00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:02,680 EXPLOSION AND GUNFIRE 198 00:51:25,480 --> 00:51:29,920 The fact that Rwanda supports all these rebellions 199 00:51:29,920 --> 00:51:33,000 with their close ally, Uganda, no secret. 200 00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:36,160 For us, it is known. 201 00:51:39,320 --> 00:51:44,360 For the past 20 years, Rwanda has fought to control this region. 202 00:51:45,480 --> 00:51:47,640 They have massacred many Congolese. 203 00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:53,440 So, all the killings they have done, 204 00:51:53,440 --> 00:51:56,520 really turned the Congolese against the Rwandans. 205 00:51:57,680 --> 00:52:00,360 But, especially against the Tutsi tribe. 206 00:52:14,960 --> 00:52:18,760 All this began when the colonisers entered the region, 207 00:52:18,760 --> 00:52:21,040 and created a tribal hierarchy. 208 00:52:38,880 --> 00:52:42,160 In Rwanda, with the support of the Belgians, 209 00:52:42,160 --> 00:52:45,480 the Tutsi really crushed the Hutu for almost 40 years. 210 00:52:47,080 --> 00:52:50,560 This created an ethnic tension that would eventually erupt. 211 00:53:01,120 --> 00:53:06,920 In Rwanda, after the genocide, Tutsi rebel leader, Paul Kagame, 212 00:53:06,920 --> 00:53:10,440 who received military training in America, took power. 213 00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:19,240 Fearing revenge killings, 214 00:53:19,240 --> 00:53:23,400 the majority of the Hutu tribe fled across the border into Congo. 215 00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:26,360 Civil War in Rwanda drove more than 216 00:53:26,360 --> 00:53:29,040 a million people across the border into Zaire. 217 00:53:29,040 --> 00:53:32,120 It is the biggest exodus Africa has ever seen. 218 00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:36,520 Hutu genocidaires hid among these refugees 219 00:53:36,520 --> 00:53:40,040 and started plotting their return to power. 220 00:53:48,240 --> 00:53:50,400 This is part of the reason 221 00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:53,080 Rwanda began covert involvement in the Congo. 222 00:53:54,920 --> 00:53:57,480 But it seems they have other ambitions as well. 223 00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:07,560 The Rwandan genocide marked the beginning of the cycle of war 224 00:54:07,560 --> 00:54:10,320 that has plagued Congo for two decades. 225 00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:18,640 Rwanda always says they are not involved, but they are. 226 00:54:20,680 --> 00:54:22,240 Myself, I am a witness. 227 00:54:24,320 --> 00:54:26,720 I know what I'm talking about. 228 00:54:29,680 --> 00:54:34,680 All three rebel groups I joined were supported by Rwanda. 229 00:54:39,360 --> 00:54:42,520 This Thursday, M23 shells hit the outskirts of Goma, 230 00:54:42,520 --> 00:54:45,920 killing a woman and a child, and a rocket struck the nearby village, 231 00:54:45,920 --> 00:54:47,560 killing two and injuring the others. 232 00:54:47,560 --> 00:54:50,320 There is growing anger about the deaths of civilians 233 00:54:50,320 --> 00:54:51,640 over the last few weeks, 234 00:54:51,640 --> 00:54:54,600 and criticism that peacekeepers didn't prevent the killings. 235 00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,560 Meanwhile, hundreds of angry residents took to the streets 236 00:54:57,560 --> 00:55:00,120 and were calling for President Kabila to step down. 237 00:55:00,120 --> 00:55:01,680 They accuse him of incompetence, 238 00:55:01,680 --> 00:55:05,160 in flushing out the rebels who continue to destabilise the region. 239 00:55:23,160 --> 00:55:27,440 Throughout history, tribalism has been used. 240 00:55:28,960 --> 00:55:32,600 Just as religion is often used by people in power, 241 00:55:32,600 --> 00:55:34,120 to manipulate the population. 242 00:55:38,720 --> 00:55:42,440 This creates tension that can erupt at any moment, 243 00:55:42,440 --> 00:55:45,240 because the Congolese are living a life of frustration. 244 00:56:06,360 --> 00:56:11,040 If our government does not impose itself to end this narrative, 245 00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:14,600 then we are just constructing our state upon a fire. 246 00:56:14,600 --> 00:56:16,520 Tomorrow it will burn again. 247 00:56:46,160 --> 00:56:48,280 We are Congolese. 248 00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:49,560 This is our country. 249 01:04:01,800 --> 01:04:06,400 BANGING 250 01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:46,920 SHOTS AND YELLING 251 01:07:01,360 --> 01:07:03,000 Down here is the shot. 252 01:07:04,320 --> 01:07:06,000 He heard the shot. 253 01:07:11,720 --> 01:07:13,000 Yeah, noted. 254 01:09:54,760 --> 01:09:57,880 The soldiers of the Democratic Republic of Congo have made 255 01:09:57,880 --> 01:10:01,560 a decisive gain in their battle with fighters in the M23 rebel movement. 256 01:10:03,520 --> 01:10:06,280 The M23 say they now want the fighting to stop. 257 01:10:06,280 --> 01:10:08,760 The superior firepower of the Congolese army, 258 01:10:08,760 --> 01:10:10,320 heavily supported by the UN, 259 01:10:10,320 --> 01:10:13,080 has backed the rebels into a corner. 260 01:10:13,080 --> 01:10:15,640 Congolese soldiers say that some of the dissidents 261 01:10:15,640 --> 01:10:16,840 who gave themselves up 262 01:10:16,840 --> 01:10:18,720 are from Uganda and Rwanda. 263 01:10:18,720 --> 01:10:21,320 But the rebels' recent strings of defeats 264 01:10:21,320 --> 01:10:24,040 suggests any foreign support had stopped. 265 01:10:25,880 --> 01:10:29,280 The M23 rebel group in the Democratic Republic of Congo 266 01:10:29,280 --> 01:10:32,040 has called an end to its 20-month insurgency. 267 01:10:32,040 --> 01:10:34,920 The rebels surrendered overnight and those that remained 268 01:10:34,920 --> 01:10:38,440 fled across the border into Rwanda or Uganda. 269 01:10:38,440 --> 01:10:41,280 Rebel military leader Sultani Makenga is believed 270 01:10:41,280 --> 01:10:43,560 to have escaped into Uganda. 271 01:10:43,560 --> 01:10:47,520 Mamadou! Mamadou! Mamadou! 272 01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:14,120 Mamadou! 273 01:12:14,120 --> 01:12:17,160 Mamadou! 274 01:12:53,720 --> 01:12:54,800 Merci. 275 01:20:25,640 --> 01:20:29,680 GUNSHOTS 276 01:20:29,680 --> 01:20:32,320 SOBBING 277 01:20:37,320 --> 01:20:42,440 GUNSHOTS 278 01:20:59,560 --> 01:21:01,440 I liked him very much. 279 01:21:04,040 --> 01:21:06,960 I am very saddened by his death. 280 01:21:10,240 --> 01:21:12,240 He never retreated on a battlefield. 281 01:21:14,920 --> 01:21:17,200 He had a strong sense of patriotism. 282 01:21:18,240 --> 01:21:21,320 That's how he built this popularity with the people. 283 01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,400 Even though he was a very distinguished boy, 284 01:21:26,400 --> 01:21:29,640 he was also very young and he wanted to be a star. 285 01:21:32,280 --> 01:21:36,480 Frankly, this was really a weakness. 286 01:21:37,840 --> 01:21:40,240 A very big weakness. 287 01:21:44,400 --> 01:21:46,800 It was not the enemy who killed Mamadou. 288 01:21:48,720 --> 01:21:50,000 It was his colleagues. 289 01:21:54,520 --> 01:21:56,480 There was an element of jealousy. 290 01:21:59,000 --> 01:22:01,080 So they stopped him dead in his tracks.